Dynamics
Refers to the softness or loudness of a piece of music. are used to show how loudly to play a piece of music.
A marking indicating the manner in which a note is to be played, eg staccato, accents, slurs. is used to show how a note should be played or sung - eg staccato or slur.
Look at the music below for Beethovenâs Moonlight Sonata.
Question
What dynamics and articulations can you see?
pp (meaning very quiet) at the start of the piece and in bar 5. There are slurs to indicate groups of triplets and how they should be played. The term âsostenutoâ is also used, meaning sustained.
If there were no dynamics and articulation, or if there were different articulations, then the music would sound completely different. Dynamics and articulations bring the notes on the page to life.
Dynamics are alterations in the volume of a piece of music.
Dynamic marking and meaning
| Dynamic marking | Meaning |
| < | Crescendo: getting louder |
| > | Diminuendo: getting quieter |
| pp | Pianissimo: very quiet |
| p | Piano: quiet |
| ff | Fortissimo: very loud |
| f | Forte: loud |
| mf | Mezzo forte: fairly loud |
| mp | Mezzo piano: fairly quiet |
| sf | Sforzando: sudden accent |
| > (marked near note head) | Accent: emphasis on a particular note |
| Dynamic marking | < |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Crescendo: getting louder |
| Dynamic marking | > |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Diminuendo: getting quieter |
| Dynamic marking | pp |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Pianissimo: very quiet |
| Dynamic marking | p |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Piano: quiet |
| Dynamic marking | ff |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Fortissimo: very loud |
| Dynamic marking | f |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Forte: loud |
| Dynamic marking | mf |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Mezzo forte: fairly loud |
| Dynamic marking | mp |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Mezzo piano: fairly quiet |
| Dynamic marking | sf |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Sforzando: sudden accent |
| Dynamic marking | > (marked near note head) |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Accent: emphasis on a particular note |
Dynamics and Italian terms
Dynamics were rarely used in the Baroque and Classical periods. In the Romantic period and beyond, dynamics were used to create dramatic effects.
Dynamics beyond pp and ff are used occasionally. Tchaikovsky uses ppp and fff to emphasise important moments - he even uses pppppp for a bassoon solo in his sixth symphony, The PathĂ©tique. Holst uses ffff in âMarsâ from The Planets.