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The reactivity series shows metals in order of reactivity. The reactivity of a metal is related to its tendency to form positive ions. Iron and aluminium are extracted from their ores in various ways.

Indicators are used to determine whether a solution is acidic or alkaline. Acids react with metals, bases and carbonates to produce salts. Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base.

The volumes of acids and alkali solutions that react with each other can be measured by titration using a suitable indicator.

Electrolysis involves using electricity to break down electrolytes to form elements. The products of electrolysis can be predicted for a given electrolyte.

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