Types of feedback
An explanation of the importance of feedback during sport
In sport, feedback is information the performer receives about a skill or performance. It usually comes from the coach or the performers themselves. There are various different types of feedback in sport and they tend to come in pairs.
Continuous and terminal feedback
Feedback received during a skill or performance is called continuous feedback.
Feedback received after the completion of the skill or performance is called terminal feedback.
Intrinsic and extrinsic feedback
Intrinsic feedback is the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed. It is what is felt by the performer as they execute a skill or performance.
Extrinsic feedback is provided by external sources, during or after a performance. It can come from teachers, coaches, team-mates and also includes things that the performer can hear or see.
Knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
Knowledge of results (or KR) focuses on the end of the performance, or the result or outcome of the movement. For example, the performer’s score, time or position at the end will show the result of their efforts.
Knowledge of performance (or KP) focuses on how well the athlete performed and the quality and pattern of the movement.
Positive and negative feedback
Positive feedback is usually given by the teacher or coach when the player is praised following a successful outcome. Novices benefit a great deal from positive feedback.
Negative feedback is received when the movement is incorrect or unsuccessful. Negative feedback is most effective with elite performers.