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Ukraine's national energy company has urged citizens to "charge everything" because of expected power cuts after massive Russian attacks.

Outages of up to four hours at a time are expected to affect the whole country, according to grid operator Ukrenergo. Russia is targeting electricity and water networks, raising concerns about how Ukraine will survive the cold winter.

Suriya Jayanti is an energy policy expert who served as Energy Chief at the US embassy in Kyiv. "As of today Ukraine will be short between 10-15% of its necessary electricity. Brownouts and blackouts are expected, and that's before we even talk about the heating sector."

(Photo: Municipal workers check an electrical network of public transport before possible power outages. Credit: REUTERS/Valentyn Ogirenko)