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Processes called erosion, mass movement and weathering break down and remove material from the coast. The material is moved along the coastline by the sea and deposited when there is energy loss.

Erosional landforms include headlands, bays, cliffs, caves, arches, stacks, stumps and wave-cut platforms. There are also depositional landforms such as beaches, spits and bars.

Hard engineering management involves using artificial structures, whereas soft engineering management is a more sustainable and natural approach to manage coastal erosion.

Erosion, transportation and deposition all occur in a river. Moving from the upper course to the lower course, the rates of erosion, transportation and deposition change.

Erosional landforms include V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls and gorges. Meanders and oxbow lakes are formed from erosion and deposition. Depositional landforms include floodplains.

Hard engineering management involves using artificial structures, such as dams and embankments. Soft engineering management is a more natural approach to manage flooding, such as floodplain zoning.