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Most metals are extracted from ores. Iron and aluminium are extracted in different ways because they differ in reactivity. Life-cycle assessments analyse the environmental impact of products.

Fertilisers contain elements needed for plant growth. They are made in different ways in the lab and in industry. Reaction conditions are chosen to get an acceptable yield in an acceptable time.

Rusting can be prevented by keeping oxygen and water away, and by sacrificial protection. An alloy is a mixture of elements, including at least one metal. Different alloys have different properties.

Materials include glass and clay ceramics, polymers, metals and composite materials. They have different physical properties, which make them suitable for different uses.

Understanding how to approach exam questions helps to boost exam performance. Question types will include multiple choice, structured, mathematical and practical questions.