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Using flat file databases can lead to insertion, deletion and update anomalies. Use of relational databases where primary and foreign keys are used to link tables helps overcome these issues.

Inputs, processes and outputs are identified for further design as forms, queries and reports. Specific end user needs are considered when analysing the requirements prior to database development.

Designing queries and establishing a data dictionary are important and attributes and relationships should be clearly defined.

Structured Query Language is used to allow database developers to generate queries and interrogate the data held in a database. SELECT, FROM, WHERE, AND and OR are key areas of SQL.

A database is fit for purpose if it meets the end use and functional requirements. Testing queries and examining actual output against expected output helps to determine fitness for purpose.